Several methods for evaluating the effect of local soil conditions on ground response during earthquakes are presently available. Most of these methods are based on the assumption that the main responses in a soil deposit are caused by the upward propagation of shear waves from the underlying rock formation. Analytical procedures based on this concept incorporating nonlinear soil behavior, have been shown to give results in good agreement with field observations in a number of cases. Accordingly they are finding increasing use in earthquake engineering for predicting responses within soil deposits and the characteristics of ground surface motions.
Schnabel, P.B., Lysmer, J. and Seed, H.B., 1972, SHAKE - A computer program for earthquake analysis of horizontally layered sites, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. EERC 72-12.
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