North America’s climate has changed and some societally relevant changes have been attributed to anthropogenic causes (very high confidence). Recent climate changes and individual extreme events demonstrate both impacts of climate-related stresses and vulnerabilities of exposed systems (very high confidence).
Romero-Lankao, P., J.B. Smith, D.J. Davidson, N.S. Diffenbach, P.L. Kinney, P. Kirshen, P. Kovacs, and L.V. Ruiz. 2014. North America. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaption, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by V.R. Barros, C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. McCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White, pp. 1439-1498. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Romero-Lankao, P., J.B. Smith, D.J. Davidson, N.S. Diffenbach, P.L. Kinney, P. Kirshen, P. Kovacs, and L.V. Ruiz. 2014. North America. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaption, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by V.R. Barros, C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. McCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White, pp. 1439-1498. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.
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